This study examined the concentration levels of physico-chemical profiles of groundwater quality of communities in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The seasonal variation of groundwater quality were evaluated. Fifteen (15) communities within the LGA were selected and groundwater from hand-dug well (HDW-15samples) and borehole (BH-15samples) was sourced during the wet season (July) and dry season (March) and analyzed for seasonal variations. The difference in the mean of the parameters investigated during the dry and wet season revealed the difference in concentration level as influenced by the season attributes. The HDW showed a very strong correlation in wet and dry season physicochemical properties as well as no significant difference in the physicochemical properties of groundwater at both seasons. Also, the results of borehole water sample showed a very strong correlation in wet and dry season physic-chemical properties with no significant difference in the physicochemical properties of water at both seasons. There are similarities in various natural and anthropogenic activities influencing the concentrations during both wet and dry seasons. The mean values of parameters such as pH, TDS, TSS, Bicarbonate, Cl, SO34, NO2, Ca, Mg, K and P are within the permissible limit of WHO and NSDWQ during both seasons except TC.

Efficiency and resilience are critical aspects of maintenance strategies in the dynamic oil and gas industry. This paper provides a comprehensive review of maintenance approaches in conventional and unconventional production, highlighting the delicate balance required between efficient operations and the ability to withstand disruptions. Through case studies, emerging technologies, and future trends, the paper explores strategies to optimize production processes while ensuring robustness against challenges. By offering insights into integrated maintenance solutions, this review contributes to informed decision-making and the advancement of sustainable practices in oil and gas production.

The study conducted evaluated potential of extracts of selected plant species and chemicals on growth of P. hysterophorus. Since the impact of parthenium weed has become to the status of being an extensive economic and social problems of Ethiopian farmers. The experiment identified herbicidal potential of Aregemon mexicana leaf, stem and root extracts and 2, 4-D on seed germination and early seedling growths of parthenium at under field pot condition. Aqueous extracts of 6, 8 and 10 % (w/v), obtained from dry leaves, stem root of Aregemon mexicana plants and 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 % of 2, 4-D herbicide. The overall germination, shoot and root growth means of A. mexicana extract and 2, 4-D, herbicidal treatments were significant (p<0.0001). Germination hinder by 2, 4-D and A. mexicana stem extracts, which inhibited the germination by (74.4 and 69.3 %) respectively from the control (82.2 %) and the lowest was A. mexicana root extract (54.8 %) in invitro. In the pot experiment the overall growth parameter means of plant extract and herbicidal treatments were significantly lower than the distilled water treated plants. A. mexicana stem resulted 100 % mortality at active growth stage of the parthenium plant, and 2, 4- D also showed best suppressed growth effects. A. mexicana leaf and root gave remarkable seed suppression of (93-94%) at 10 % concentration. Then we conclude that species like A. Mexicana and chemicals like 2, 4-D and are good candidates for future parthenium management. The Small holder farmers adopted mechanical control measures, while, it is most serious is not tackled by these farmers, integrate with other management options such as competitive plants and chemicals may appear to be satisfactory. However further research is required to progress our understanding of the interference mechanisms between parthenium and these species, on how to integrate with other management options and cost effectiveness of the methods.

The need to increase food production and match the food security demands under climate change impacts generate the force for developing aquaponic system. An aquaponic system was established at the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Egypt, to investigate the effect of tomato plant density (2, 4 and 6 plants / m2) on tomato and fish production as well as the quality of rare water. Nutrient film technique (3 m length) used to produce tomato integrated with aquaculture of tilapia fish. Vegetative growth characteristics and yield parameters of Tomato as well as tilapia yield parameters plus the nutrient contents of rare water were recorded.
The revealed results indicated that increasing the tomato plant density from 2 up to 6 plants / m2 led to a decrease in the No. of leaves, total leaves area and plant height of tomato. The early and total yield of tomato per plant significantly increased by decreasing the plant density from 6 to 4 and 2 plants /m2. On the contrary, the highest total yield per m2 was given by tomato density 6 plants. Tilapia average weight of (g), tilapia total yield (Kg/m3), average daily gain (ADG) and specific growth rate % (SGR) results increased significantly by increasing the plant density of tomato from 2 and 4 up to 6 plants / m2. Increasing the tomato plant density led to decrease significantly NO3, P, K, Ca and Mg (ppm) values of fish rare water content during the season period due to increasing the removal of nutrients for tomato sake. The accumulation of nutrients in rare fish water increased by increasing the growth of fish tilapia. The highest results of NO3, P, K, Ca and Mg were recorded by tomato plant density 2 plants /m2 while 6 plants /m2 had the lowest nutrient contents.
For sustainable food production, the study recommended the plant density of tomato 6 plants /m2. 18 tomato plants in 3 m NFT system length (6 plants/m2) integrated with 150 tilapia fish in 1 m3.

The Penman-Monteith method (P-M) to estimate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is the most reliable method and recommended by the FAO as the standard to verify other empi- rical methods. However, the Thornthwaite (Th) and Hargreaves-Samani (H-S) models are widely used because they are based on measurements of air temperature, frequently recorded in any meteorological stations. In this study, the daily meteorological parameters of air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, were available at six stations (Riyadh), (Ha’il), (Tabuk), (Turayf), (Makkah) and (Jazan). The net radiation was computed using a mathematical model based on a serie of related equations. Therefore, the application of Penman-Monteith became possible to calibrate the Thornthwaite and Hargreaves-Samani models. The local calibration of the both models (Th and H-S) in arid conditions is based on modifying the original coefficients of the named models using the ratio for estimated ET (Th and H-S mpdels) and the reference ETo of (P-M model). In the comparison, the indices of concordance (D), confidence (C), correlation coefficient (r) were analyzed, together with the root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash-Stucliff Efficiency (NSE). So, the ET of H-S model without adjustment were greater than the ETo of P-M during all the months at the total of the studied stations. Contrary, the use of non-adjusted Th ET show a smaller values of the monthly average in a total of the selected stations. After adjustment of the original coefficients of (0.0023) for H-S model and (1.6) for the Th model, we can obtain the new equations of estimating the monthly average of ET fitting better with the P-M Eto model.

In recent years, when building bridges across existing railways, in order to reduce the interference to the railway operation line during the construction process, parallel railways are often used to cast bridges and then rotate them. In this paper, combined with the engineering example of Zhaochuan Super Swivel Bridge on Beijing-Zhanghai High-speed Railway, the key and difficult points of the swivel bridge during construction are monitored, and compared with the computer simulation data, the static friction coefficient, dynamic friction coefficient and friction couple distance of the swivel system are obtained. Model each component of the bridge body, establish a safety monitoring and early warning method, system, storage medium, and early warning platform, and visually display the safety degree of components at different stages and locations by color discrimination.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing the responsiveness of construction participants to building collapse in the Nigerian construction industry. There has been a general type of response to incessant menace of building collapse among construction participants which is, playing the blame game. This is worrisome considering its attendant psychological effect on the affected persons and cost implications to the industry at large. Design/methodology/approach – Literature review conducted identified forty-nine (49) factors that can influence the responsiveness of construction participants to building collapse, which were employed to design a questionnaire survey. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, mean score, Kruskal–Wallis test of ANOVA and multivariate techniques such as factor analysis. Findings – The descriptive and empirical analysis showed disparity of ranking of the 49 factors among the groups studied. There was statistically significant difference (ρ < 0.05) in 35 representing 71.4% of the factors influencing the responsiveness of participants in the construction industry to building collapse while the remaining 28.6% was not significantly different. Therefore, irrespective of the individuality of response from each group of construction participants, they still demonstrated a reasonable level of agreement in their responses to the factors influencing the responsiveness. Among the significant factors based on the mean score rankings are quality of materials, availability of experienced professionals, adequate enforcement of building code, design and specifications changes, financial capability of clients and budget allocation for building projects. Through factor analysis, the study categorized the forty-nine factors influencing the responsiveness of participants in the construction industry into six general factors. The factors are: client related; project procurement related; economic management related; ethical values related; construction management related and policy management related. Practical implications – The investigation into the factors influencing the responsiveness of participants is with a view to mitigating continuous occurrences of building collapse in Lagos State, and Nigeria as a whole. This is a very useful information on the roles and duties of all construction professionals and other stakeholders in the construction industry. Also, stakeholders in the academia can carry out a review of the curriculum for tertiary institutions based on the information on factors influencing responsiveness of construction participants. Originality/value – The study was able to categorise all the forty-nine factors into six basic groups using the factor analysis, and this could be used to develop measures for mitigating occurrences of building collapse. hence, it has successfully provided insightful knowledge base regarding the basic factors influencing the responsiveness of participants in the construction industry to building collapse, especially in Lagos State, Nigeria.

The Success in the use of the Primavera P6 Software to schedule the project depends on the size of the project, the level of its complexity the time allocated for its execution and the requirements dictated by owner of the project……etc. The basic idea behind the proposed system is the use of software set up for this purpose in order to delineate start- finish time by applying Critical Path Method, the Primavera P6 Software for scheduling single constrained resource in projects. They may only of solutions start by scheduling and analyzing the resource time period by time period, and resource by resource when the amount of the resources available is exceeded the method of tasks is examined and rare resources are then allocated according is the levels of priority. A major position arises then: how to increase the time necessary for the completion of the project with the remaining minimum with due respect to the labor limitations. The answer lies in the application of the Primavera P6 Software which is used in practical situations, so as to avoid mathematical complications which are characteristics of perfect model methods. In order to achieve the best solution, activities are re- scheduled based on labor constraints according to various numerous bases. These were applied on a project for the construction of a small size Gas Station, classified under small construction projects which include 29 activities. The 3 stages of implementation were applied tested to the project mainly planning, scheduling and control. We obtained the desired results with an increase in the time allocated for the completion of the project with strictest minimum possible while respecting labor constraints.

The establishments of the nexus between the underlying geology and engineering properties are fundamentals to the safe, economic and serviceable designs of civil engineering structures. Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) are critical tools in foundation parameterization especially within Quaternary sediments serving as foundation of engineering structures. Both techniques were used to obtained point data and lateral continuity of geologic units within Ikate Area of Lagos Metropolis for foundation parameterization. Measurements which comprising 4 profiles of 2D resistivity imaging using the Wenner electrode configuration; 1 borehole and 12 cone penetration tests (CPT) were taken with Pasi Terrameter, percussion rig and the 10.0 tons penetrometer respectively. The ERT results interpreted using Dipro software were presented in Pseudo-sections while the cone penetration test results analysed with Microsoft Excel were represented as resistance curves. Interpretation from the two methods integrated with the borehole results reveals the presence clay, peat and sand of varying properties. The uppermost layer consists of medium dense sand followed by clay/peat of very low resistivity (< 3.5 ohm-meter) covering about 6. 0 – 8.0m in depth and terminating in another layer of sand (8.0 – 15.0m). The last sandy layer with cone resistance range between 30 – 120kg/cm2 is considered a suitable layer upon which deep foundation may be founded. Shallow foundation capacity estimates at depths 0.2 – 4.0m derived from direct CPT data using three different computation techniques gives value range from 1.7 – 49.4kg/cm2, 0.7 – 15.2kg/cm2 and 0.4 – 12.6kg/cm2 respectively. Deep foundation for skyscrapers within the area are advised to be founded within the competent layer encountered beyond 10.m depth.

Under batch equilibrium approach, the removal of cadmium and chromium from aqueous solution with a sustainable eco-friendly material, unripe banana (musa sapientum) peel biomass was investigated. Cd (II) and Cr (VI) ions were discovered to be removed from aqueous solutions by unripe banana peel. From pH > 6, the removal rate of Cd (II) increases, whereas the removal rate of Cr (VI) declines. The best fit between the Langmuir and Freundlich models was found using adsorption equilibrium data. The best fit for Cr (VI) adsorption data was the Langmuir model type 1I, with R2 = 0.988. The optimum pH for cadmium and chromium was 4.00 and 10.00, respectively, with qm of 1.38 mg/g and 48.47 mg/g and percentage removal of 96.6 and 46.6 for cadmium and chromium respectively. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm correlated well with adsorption for cadmium and chromium, indicating that chemisorption is the dominant mechanism in the sorption process. As a result of the findings, it was discovered that unripe banana peel biomass may be used to effectively and efficiently remove Cd (II) and Cr (VI) ions or other pollutants from wastewater and the environment.