Background – The problem of waste is one of big problems arise from various sectors. Recycling and reusing can be one good solution. Balinese people who still carry out traditions including the event with various arts, one of which is a beautiful offering. This beautiful offering is in the form of sampyan from art coconut leaves which ends as waste. In the past, when Balinese were going to cook, they could use fuel from this dry coconut leaves waste. On The Holidays for ceremonies, there is a 30% increase in waste. Even though this is a ceremonial waste, a balance in the relationship with God/Hyang Widi must be maintained in accordance with the Balinese concept of Tri Hita Karana. This concept is in the form of a balanced relationship towards Hyang Widi/God, to the fellow humans and to the environment that causes happiness. Therefore, waste must be processed. Husks and straw waste from rise field in Bali amounted to 54.65 million tons of GKG, then alot of sawdust waste from wood carving and wood architecture industries. This waste is often burned even though some are used for planting media and fuel. On the other hand, the tourism community and people in Bali produce 829 tons of plastic waste per day. Currently, appreciation of buildings with “Green Architecture” is a concern for tourism and will become of destinations. Thus, it will very possible in Bali. Purpose – provide economic value added for the community, wood workers and farmers and make the world a better place. Findings –Artistic acoustic panel recycled material from plastic bottles and waste of sampyan, sawdust, husks, straw. Originality/value – Acoustic Panel Material and Artistic Acoustic Panels with Balinese Architectural Ornaments is an original. Design/methodology/approach – Recycled plastic waste with the right mixture composition is heated and printed with a hot press machine. In this study, the Transmission Loss test was carried out using an Impedance Tube. Research limitations – Measurement of transmission loss on sheet panels has limitations. Measurements should be developed into room research.

Rooftop farming is the cultivation of different food crops in the roof of buildings which is usually done in the city areas where there is scarcity of open agricultural land. Rooftop farming is the best techniques to promote healthier environment and food in city areas. Among the different problems of rooftop farming; major are heavy rainfall, occurrence of diseases and pest, soil loss, lack of improved practices and poly tunnel. These factors restricted the House Holds (HH) to adopt rooftop farming technology. In this study, the focus was especially given to study the status and feasibility of rooftop farming in Kathmandu city. Specifically, this research tried to understand perception of people towards rooftop farming and to identity the major factors affecting rooftop farming, and its significance during covid-19 pandemic. Chandragiri and Tarakeshwar area of Kathmandu city were purposively selected for the study. Out of sample population 50 rooftop farmers were selected, 36 from Chandragiri and 14 from Tarakeshwar by random sampling technique sample size proportion to the population size. The total respondents were 50, out of which 2% were male and 98% were female having 67.27m² average area for rooftop cultivation. 96% respondents were satisfied from vegetable and fruit rooftop. The major problem was wilting having 2.09 mean weightage on Likert scale. The average total input cost was NRS. 7044. 76% respondents were using organic manure and biological control for diseases and pests. 14% of the respondents were facing input supply problem during Lockdown.

Jakarta, Indonesia’s capital city, is constantly improving its infrastructure. Besides being filled with buildings, Jakarta is now very colorful with roads and various modes of transportation. The highway is a city facility that serves as the development’s orientation. Whereas in its history, Batavia, as the forerunner of Jakarta, was once a canal city. Canals were an important part of city life in the 17th century, functioning as a source of transportation, pleasure, defense, and water supply, among other things. The Batavia canal city, on the other hand, is no longer visible. Jakarta is today a congested city with clogged roads. The purpose of this study is to describe Batavia’s transformation during the colonial period and identify the factors that influenced it. A historical-postcolonial approach was employed in conjunction with the descriptive qualitative method. Data was acquired through critical discourse analysis by tracking historical data from archives in the form of maps, images, artwork, and textual sources. According to the conclusions of this study, Batavia evolved from a canal city to a street city. The transformation was due to the failure of the colonial rulers in managing the canal system and the euphoria of the new invention of transportation technology. The discovery of material technology and transportation modes has changed the lives of the Batavian people which in fact created an asymmetrical power in their society. This exploring the transformation become the knowledge and consideration to promote the sustainability of the city of Jakarta.

This study includes to study the effect of air temperature on raisins and to study the economic analysis of proposed methodology and compare the output with conventional techniques. It can be seen from the results that both the hot air dryers e.g. solar and electric dryer produce raisins in a much lower time in comparison to the traditional method of raisin dryer. Solar dryer takes 96 hours to produce raisin while electric dryer takes 15 hours for raisin production. This time frame for raisin production is much lower than that of 336 hours or 2 weeks, an average time for raisin production using traditional sun drying method. Raisin produced using traditional methods are associated with many of health issues. Generally, raisins produced using the traditional method has a risk of being rotten. Rainwater may reach the grapes that are placed for being dry in traditional method. Such raisin has a light color as its color is washed away. Customers find such raisins less attractive. Moisture content of raisins is an important parameter to evaluate the quality of raisin. Moisture content present in the market available raisin that is produced using traditional method is 25.30 %.

This paper is aimed at determining the texture, compaction, and cement stabilization properties of the dredged sand used in the Ogbia-Nembe road construction in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Both field and laboratory studies were undertaken. Results from the laboratory tests revealed the various properties as follows: moisture content (41.3 – 58.2%), Liquid limit (45.5 – 50.5%), Plastic limit (26.2 – 33.7%), Plasticity Index (16.8 – 20.6%), Cu (2,15 – 3.16), Optimum moisture content (OMC) and Maximum dry densities (MDD) for the dredged sands are (9.2 – 9.4) and (1600 – 1620kN/m3 respectively. The OMC, MDD and California bearing ratio (CBR) of the sand-cement mixture are 10.2 – 12.6%, 1830 – 1880kN/m3, 177 -313% and 1140 -2905kN/m2 respectively. The dredged sands are classified as A-3 according to the AASHO classification system. However, the average MDD of the dredged sand is 1620kN/m3 which is below the Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) specification for pavement construction, therefore the need for stabilization. Stabilization of the sand with 6% – 10% cement increased the MDD, CBR, UCS to 1880kN/m3, 313% and 2905kN/m2, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the minimum percentage of cement required to stabilize the dredged sand used for the construction of the road is 6%. Also, particle size of cohesionless soil affects the density and sand-cement stabilization is more economical than paying for additional maintenance cost if the pavement fails. This study also revealed that increasing the percentage of cement of a sample does make the soil brittle as well as increases the strength of the material/soil.

The aim of this investigation is to determine the effect of drying temperature on the geotechnical properties of natural soils and stabilised soils. Soil samples were taken along Supare Akoko- Emure Ekiti road from three locations at the depth of 1m each. Soil sample for location 1 soil was taken from a stable section while soil samples from locations 2 & 3 were taken from the failed portions of the road. The following laboratory analysis were conducted on the soil samples; atterberg limit test, grain size analysis, Linear shrinkage, Specific gravity, Compaction test and California Bearing Ratio test (CBR). The results show that sampled soil from location 1 has better engineering properties than soil samples from Loc. 2 and 3. This is an indication that the soils of locations 2 & 3 contributed to the failing of the failed part. These three soil samples were further tested by adding 6% (of the total weight of the sampled soils) of Saw dust ash (SDA) and Fine Palm kernel shells (FPKSA) to the soil as stabilisers. Both the index and strength properties improved upon the addition of stabilizers with SDA proving to be a better stabiliser. Under varying temperature of pretest drying with stabilisers (SDA and FKPSA) and without stabiliser; the same engineering properties were considered. The results show that temperature plays a major role to better the properties of the soil.

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was used to determine lithological influence on hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity in parts of Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 10 Vertical Electrical Sounding were conducted at ten locations. The VES data were collected using ABEM terrameter SAS 300B and processed using Win-Resist Software and Microsoft Excel Sheet. The influence of the lithology on the Hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were analyzed based on the Hydraulic Parameters derived from Dar–Zarrouck parameters. Result from the Vertical Electrical Sounding revealed a four to six geo-electric layers. The aquifer resistivity ranges from 39.40Ωm to 17290.7Ωm. Results of the Hydraulic conductivity shows range of 0.005 to 2.538cm/s with the highest value dominating in the cetral part of the study area suggesting large grain sands that can permeate groundwater flow while the transmissivity ranges from 0.22587cm/s2 to 132.487 cm/s2 with average of 19.1587cm/s2. Area with high transmissivity is identified with high groundwater potential permeable with groundwater flow is seen in the central part of the study area with range of 110 to 135 cm/s2 indicating a thick aquifer sand. Result from the nearby borehole in correlation with the VES point showed an agreement with the VES data at Ogale and Eagle Island location. The result of the study can be applied in ground water resources management, hydrological studies and provides valuable information for town planner.

This research is aimed at examining the strength properties of subsoil at Ede North, Southwestern Nigeria so as to determine its competence as foundation material. A total of 45 soil samples: 30 disturbed samples and 15 undisturbed samples were taken for different tests and analysis. These samples were subjected to laboratory tests of grain size analysis, atterberg limits for the disturbed samples while density, triaxial compression test, permeability, unconfined compression test and odometer consolidation test for the undisturbed samples. The liquid limit of the soil samples at Pit A, Pit B, Pit C, Pit D and Pit E range from 34.57% to 46.20%, 42.43%-48.02%, 40.20%-50.14%, 35.21%-46.04% and 43.04%-47.62% respectively. The plasticity indexes of the soil samples at all pit points range from 16.90%-22.70%. The specific gravity of the subsoil ranges from 2.55 to 2.65. This shows that these sampled soils are either sand or silty sand. The coarse contents of the sampled soil ranges from 33.7% to 61.2% while the fine contents ranges from 38.8% to 66.3%. Samples in pit A fall within the A-7-6 and A-6, samples in pit B and E falls within A-7-6, samples in pit C falls within A-7-6 and A-7-5 while most samples in pit D falls within A-7-6 and A-6. This implies that the soil samples are rated between fair to poor sub-grade materials. They general fall under clayey soils. The coefficient of permeability for the soils ranged from 6.45 × 10-8cm to 1.4 × 10-9cm which classified them as practically impermeable soils. Again, the values of the shear strength parameters are; the angle of internal friction ranged from 11.90 to 37.50, the cohesion ranges from 4.7 kPa to 84.9kPa.

In the last few years, the rapid increase of human population are creating many environmental problems because of intensification of human activities. A huge amount of wastes are generated from industries including food and agriculture industries. It is essential to protect the natural resources. It can be done with best management practices of agriculture waste in future Composting is the best method to handle the food, agricultural and industrial waste. The main objective of this research is the design and fabrication of an indigenous composter to conserve the agriculture waste. Composter structure is based on two shells. One is inner shells which is having diameter of 48 inches and outer shell having diameter of 52 inches. Between these two shells heat in the form of steam is circulated to give high temperature for pasteurization of compost. Raw material is added in the inner shell. Two gears are attached with this composter structure. One is driving gear which is also small gear attached with motor. Other one is larger gear which is adjusted according to our desire RPM requirement. Larger gear further rotates the shaft present in the inner shell of composter. Gear motor is used having the power of 3355 Watt Watt. Material used for this composter was mild steel. A boiler was attached to this composter to flow the steam in outer shell of composter. Agriculture waste considered for this research corn straw waste. The analysis have been done in a composter for compost effecting parameters. The effect of three independent parameters pressure, RPM and feeding rate was analyzed on the composting time of waste. Results indicated that increase in the RPM the time of composting also increase because of oxygen cannot consumed fully at higher RPM. Whereas the increase in feeding rate decrease the time of composting because the greater number of microbial activities generated in the composting process and compost prepared in less time. In case of pressure, higher the pressure the time of composting decreases because at higher pressure the time rise quickly and thermophilic conditions occurs quickly. At RPM 12 and feeding rate 15kg in 62.89± 2.26 time compost was prepared it was the least time as compare to others. At 10 RPM and 1 bar pressure composting time notice was 65.33±2.60. In combination of feeding rate and pressure, at feeding rate 15kg and pressure 0.5 bar least time noticed 63.00± 2.35.

Due to increase in demand our conventional resources are insufficient to fulfill the world energy demand. Renewable techniques are extremely economical due to converting useless waste into energy. To achieve that purpose anaerobic digestion was performed on banana peels with co digested with biogas slurry. Input feedstock to anaerobic plant was banana peels which already passed through four pretreatments such as, glycerol, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and acetic acid at variable conditions. Glycerol treatment give most efficient results due to more removal of lignin up to 87%. Anaerobic digestion is completely environmental friendly with no carbon dioxide emission and due to benefits it can adopted more in future on industrial and domestic scale. 6 liter capacity tank was installed at 4 liter with 10% TS level to giving space at top for biogas production. Trails was performed at two temperature 37°C and 55°C but more biogas produced at 55 °C with retention time period of eighteen days. In slurry tank manually stirring was provided and produced gas was calculated through water displacement method. This study help to decrease city waste by installing anaerobic plants. In that way we can achieve sustainability and waste can also be controlled.