The establishments of the nexus between the underlying geology and engineering properties are fundamentals to the safe, economic and serviceable designs of civil engineering structures. Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) are critical tools in foundation parameterization especially within Quaternary sediments serving as foundation of engineering structures. Both techniques were used to obtained point data and lateral continuity of geologic units within Ikate Area of Lagos Metropolis for foundation parameterization. Measurements which comprising 4 profiles of 2D resistivity imaging using the Wenner electrode configuration; 1 borehole and 12 cone penetration tests (CPT) were taken with Pasi Terrameter, percussion rig and the 10.0 tons penetrometer respectively. The ERT results interpreted using Dipro software were presented in Pseudo-sections while the cone penetration test results analysed with Microsoft Excel were represented as resistance curves. Interpretation from the two methods integrated with the borehole results reveals the presence clay, peat and sand of varying properties. The uppermost layer consists of medium dense sand followed by clay/peat of very low resistivity (< 3.5 ohm-meter) covering about 6. 0 – 8.0m in depth and terminating in another layer of sand (8.0 – 15.0m). The last sandy layer with cone resistance range between 30 – 120kg/cm2 is considered a suitable layer upon which deep foundation may be founded. Shallow foundation capacity estimates at depths 0.2 – 4.0m derived from direct CPT data using three different computation techniques gives value range from 1.7 – 49.4kg/cm2, 0.7 – 15.2kg/cm2 and 0.4 – 12.6kg/cm2 respectively. Deep foundation for skyscrapers within the area are advised to be founded within the competent layer encountered beyond 10.m depth.

Under batch equilibrium approach, the removal of cadmium and chromium from aqueous solution with a sustainable eco-friendly material, unripe banana (musa sapientum) peel biomass was investigated. Cd (II) and Cr (VI) ions were discovered to be removed from aqueous solutions by unripe banana peel. From pH > 6, the removal rate of Cd (II) increases, whereas the removal rate of Cr (VI) declines. The best fit between the Langmuir and Freundlich models was found using adsorption equilibrium data. The best fit for Cr (VI) adsorption data was the Langmuir model type 1I, with R2 = 0.988. The optimum pH for cadmium and chromium was 4.00 and 10.00, respectively, with qm of 1.38 mg/g and 48.47 mg/g and percentage removal of 96.6 and 46.6 for cadmium and chromium respectively. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm correlated well with adsorption for cadmium and chromium, indicating that chemisorption is the dominant mechanism in the sorption process. As a result of the findings, it was discovered that unripe banana peel biomass may be used to effectively and efficiently remove Cd (II) and Cr (VI) ions or other pollutants from wastewater and the environment.

Background – The problem of waste is one of big problems arise from various sectors. Recycling and reusing can be one good solution. Balinese people who still carry out traditions including the event with various arts, one of which is a beautiful offering. This beautiful offering is in the form of sampyan from art coconut leaves which ends as waste. In the past, when Balinese were going to cook, they could use fuel from this dry coconut leaves waste. On The Holidays for ceremonies, there is a 30% increase in waste. Even though this is a ceremonial waste, a balance in the relationship with God/Hyang Widi must be maintained in accordance with the Balinese concept of Tri Hita Karana. This concept is in the form of a balanced relationship towards Hyang Widi/God, to the fellow humans and to the environment that causes happiness. Therefore, waste must be processed. Husks and straw waste from rise field in Bali amounted to 54.65 million tons of GKG, then alot of sawdust waste from wood carving and wood architecture industries. This waste is often burned even though some are used for planting media and fuel. On the other hand, the tourism community and people in Bali produce 829 tons of plastic waste per day. Currently, appreciation of buildings with “Green Architecture” is a concern for tourism and will become of destinations. Thus, it will very possible in Bali. Purpose – provide economic value added for the community, wood workers and farmers and make the world a better place. Findings –Artistic acoustic panel recycled material from plastic bottles and waste of sampyan, sawdust, husks, straw. Originality/value – Acoustic Panel Material and Artistic Acoustic Panels with Balinese Architectural Ornaments is an original. Design/methodology/approach – Recycled plastic waste with the right mixture composition is heated and printed with a hot press machine. In this study, the Transmission Loss test was carried out using an Impedance Tube. Research limitations – Measurement of transmission loss on sheet panels has limitations. Measurements should be developed into room research.

Rooftop farming is the cultivation of different food crops in the roof of buildings which is usually done in the city areas where there is scarcity of open agricultural land. Rooftop farming is the best techniques to promote healthier environment and food in city areas. Among the different problems of rooftop farming; major are heavy rainfall, occurrence of diseases and pest, soil loss, lack of improved practices and poly tunnel. These factors restricted the House Holds (HH) to adopt rooftop farming technology. In this study, the focus was especially given to study the status and feasibility of rooftop farming in Kathmandu city. Specifically, this research tried to understand perception of people towards rooftop farming and to identity the major factors affecting rooftop farming, and its significance during covid-19 pandemic. Chandragiri and Tarakeshwar area of Kathmandu city were purposively selected for the study. Out of sample population 50 rooftop farmers were selected, 36 from Chandragiri and 14 from Tarakeshwar by random sampling technique sample size proportion to the population size. The total respondents were 50, out of which 2% were male and 98% were female having 67.27m² average area for rooftop cultivation. 96% respondents were satisfied from vegetable and fruit rooftop. The major problem was wilting having 2.09 mean weightage on Likert scale. The average total input cost was NRS. 7044. 76% respondents were using organic manure and biological control for diseases and pests. 14% of the respondents were facing input supply problem during Lockdown.

Jakarta, Indonesia’s capital city, is constantly improving its infrastructure. Besides being filled with buildings, Jakarta is now very colorful with roads and various modes of transportation. The highway is a city facility that serves as the development’s orientation. Whereas in its history, Batavia, as the forerunner of Jakarta, was once a canal city. Canals were an important part of city life in the 17th century, functioning as a source of transportation, pleasure, defense, and water supply, among other things. The Batavia canal city, on the other hand, is no longer visible. Jakarta is today a congested city with clogged roads. The purpose of this study is to describe Batavia’s transformation during the colonial period and identify the factors that influenced it. A historical-postcolonial approach was employed in conjunction with the descriptive qualitative method. Data was acquired through critical discourse analysis by tracking historical data from archives in the form of maps, images, artwork, and textual sources. According to the conclusions of this study, Batavia evolved from a canal city to a street city. The transformation was due to the failure of the colonial rulers in managing the canal system and the euphoria of the new invention of transportation technology. The discovery of material technology and transportation modes has changed the lives of the Batavian people which in fact created an asymmetrical power in their society. This exploring the transformation become the knowledge and consideration to promote the sustainability of the city of Jakarta.

This study includes to study the effect of air temperature on raisins and to study the economic analysis of proposed methodology and compare the output with conventional techniques. It can be seen from the results that both the hot air dryers e.g. solar and electric dryer produce raisins in a much lower time in comparison to the traditional method of raisin dryer. Solar dryer takes 96 hours to produce raisin while electric dryer takes 15 hours for raisin production. This time frame for raisin production is much lower than that of 336 hours or 2 weeks, an average time for raisin production using traditional sun drying method. Raisin produced using traditional methods are associated with many of health issues. Generally, raisins produced using the traditional method has a risk of being rotten. Rainwater may reach the grapes that are placed for being dry in traditional method. Such raisin has a light color as its color is washed away. Customers find such raisins less attractive. Moisture content of raisins is an important parameter to evaluate the quality of raisin. Moisture content present in the market available raisin that is produced using traditional method is 25.30 %.

The present experimental study suggested a pool to resist the localized scour downstream of cylindrical culverts. The study was conducted with a range of intensity number of discharges 𝐹𝑝= [0.44:0.98]. The proposed pool decreased the scour by 70%. The pool of the comparative depth = 0.29 gives the minimal geometrics of the scour hole. The pool length has a significant influence on the scour depth. Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is utilized to develop predicting equations of the erosion geometrics. The proposed models were compared with Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The average precision of the equations improved by 8% more than multiple linear regression equations (MLR).

This paper is aimed at determining the texture, compaction, and cement stabilization properties of the dredged sand used in the Ogbia-Nembe road construction in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Both field and laboratory studies were undertaken. Results from the laboratory tests revealed the various properties as follows: moisture content (41.3 – 58.2%), Liquid limit (45.5 – 50.5%), Plastic limit (26.2 – 33.7%), Plasticity Index (16.8 – 20.6%), Cu (2,15 – 3.16), Optimum moisture content (OMC) and Maximum dry densities (MDD) for the dredged sands are (9.2 – 9.4) and (1600 – 1620kN/m3 respectively. The OMC, MDD and California bearing ratio (CBR) of the sand-cement mixture are 10.2 – 12.6%, 1830 – 1880kN/m3, 177 -313% and 1140 -2905kN/m2 respectively. The dredged sands are classified as A-3 according to the AASHO classification system. However, the average MDD of the dredged sand is 1620kN/m3 which is below the Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) specification for pavement construction, therefore the need for stabilization. Stabilization of the sand with 6% – 10% cement increased the MDD, CBR, UCS to 1880kN/m3, 313% and 2905kN/m2, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the minimum percentage of cement required to stabilize the dredged sand used for the construction of the road is 6%. Also, particle size of cohesionless soil affects the density and sand-cement stabilization is more economical than paying for additional maintenance cost if the pavement fails. This study also revealed that increasing the percentage of cement of a sample does make the soil brittle as well as increases the strength of the material/soil.

The aim of this investigation is to determine the effect of drying temperature on the geotechnical properties of natural soils and stabilised soils. Soil samples were taken along Supare Akoko- Emure Ekiti road from three locations at the depth of 1m each. Soil sample for location 1 soil was taken from a stable section while soil samples from locations 2 & 3 were taken from the failed portions of the road. The following laboratory analysis were conducted on the soil samples; atterberg limit test, grain size analysis, Linear shrinkage, Specific gravity, Compaction test and California Bearing Ratio test (CBR). The results show that sampled soil from location 1 has better engineering properties than soil samples from Loc. 2 and 3. This is an indication that the soils of locations 2 & 3 contributed to the failing of the failed part. These three soil samples were further tested by adding 6% (of the total weight of the sampled soils) of Saw dust ash (SDA) and Fine Palm kernel shells (FPKSA) to the soil as stabilisers. Both the index and strength properties improved upon the addition of stabilizers with SDA proving to be a better stabiliser. Under varying temperature of pretest drying with stabilisers (SDA and FKPSA) and without stabiliser; the same engineering properties were considered. The results show that temperature plays a major role to better the properties of the soil.

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was used to determine lithological influence on hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity in parts of Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 10 Vertical Electrical Sounding were conducted at ten locations. The VES data were collected using ABEM terrameter SAS 300B and processed using Win-Resist Software and Microsoft Excel Sheet. The influence of the lithology on the Hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were analyzed based on the Hydraulic Parameters derived from Dar–Zarrouck parameters. Result from the Vertical Electrical Sounding revealed a four to six geo-electric layers. The aquifer resistivity ranges from 39.40Ωm to 17290.7Ωm. Results of the Hydraulic conductivity shows range of 0.005 to 2.538cm/s with the highest value dominating in the cetral part of the study area suggesting large grain sands that can permeate groundwater flow while the transmissivity ranges from 0.22587cm/s2 to 132.487 cm/s2 with average of 19.1587cm/s2. Area with high transmissivity is identified with high groundwater potential permeable with groundwater flow is seen in the central part of the study area with range of 110 to 135 cm/s2 indicating a thick aquifer sand. Result from the nearby borehole in correlation with the VES point showed an agreement with the VES data at Ogale and Eagle Island location. The result of the study can be applied in ground water resources management, hydrological studies and provides valuable information for town planner.