Journal: Engineering Heritage Journal (GWK)

The aim of this investigation is to determine the effect of drying temperature on the geotechnical properties of natural soils and stabilised soils. Soil samples were taken along Supare Akoko- Emure Ekiti road from three locations at the depth of 1m each. Soil sample for location 1 soil was taken from a stable section while soil samples from locations 2 & 3 were taken from the failed portions of the road. The following laboratory analysis were conducted on the soil samples; atterberg limit test, grain size analysis, Linear shrinkage, Specific gravity, Compaction test and California Bearing Ratio test (CBR). The results show that sampled soil from location 1 has better engineering properties than soil samples from Loc. 2 and 3. This is an indication that the soils of locations 2 & 3 contributed to the failing of the failed part. These three soil samples were further tested by adding 6% (of the total weight of the sampled soils) of Saw dust ash (SDA) and Fine Palm kernel shells (FPKSA) to the soil as stabilisers. Both the index and strength properties improved upon the addition of stabilizers with SDA proving to be a better stabiliser. Under varying temperature of pretest drying with stabilisers (SDA and FKPSA) and without stabiliser; the same engineering properties were considered. The results show that temperature plays a major role to better the properties of the soil.

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was used to determine lithological influence on hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity in parts of Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 10 Vertical Electrical Sounding were conducted at ten locations. The VES data were collected using ABEM terrameter SAS 300B and processed using Win-Resist Software and Microsoft Excel Sheet. The influence of the lithology on the Hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were analyzed based on the Hydraulic Parameters derived from Dar–Zarrouck parameters. Result from the Vertical Electrical Sounding revealed a four to six geo-electric layers. The aquifer resistivity ranges from 39.40Ωm to 17290.7Ωm. Results of the Hydraulic conductivity shows range of 0.005 to 2.538cm/s with the highest value dominating in the cetral part of the study area suggesting large grain sands that can permeate groundwater flow while the transmissivity ranges from 0.22587cm/s2 to 132.487 cm/s2 with average of 19.1587cm/s2. Area with high transmissivity is identified with high groundwater potential permeable with groundwater flow is seen in the central part of the study area with range of 110 to 135 cm/s2 indicating a thick aquifer sand. Result from the nearby borehole in correlation with the VES point showed an agreement with the VES data at Ogale and Eagle Island location. The result of the study can be applied in ground water resources management, hydrological studies and provides valuable information for town planner.

This research is aimed at examining the strength properties of subsoil at Ede North, Southwestern Nigeria so as to determine its competence as foundation material. A total of 45 soil samples: 30 disturbed samples and 15 undisturbed samples were taken for different tests and analysis. These samples were subjected to laboratory tests of grain size analysis, atterberg limits for the disturbed samples while density, triaxial compression test, permeability, unconfined compression test and odometer consolidation test for the undisturbed samples. The liquid limit of the soil samples at Pit A, Pit B, Pit C, Pit D and Pit E range from 34.57% to 46.20%, 42.43%-48.02%, 40.20%-50.14%, 35.21%-46.04% and 43.04%-47.62% respectively. The plasticity indexes of the soil samples at all pit points range from 16.90%-22.70%. The specific gravity of the subsoil ranges from 2.55 to 2.65. This shows that these sampled soils are either sand or silty sand. The coarse contents of the sampled soil ranges from 33.7% to 61.2% while the fine contents ranges from 38.8% to 66.3%. Samples in pit A fall within the A-7-6 and A-6, samples in pit B and E falls within A-7-6, samples in pit C falls within A-7-6 and A-7-5 while most samples in pit D falls within A-7-6 and A-6. This implies that the soil samples are rated between fair to poor sub-grade materials. They general fall under clayey soils. The coefficient of permeability for the soils ranged from 6.45 × 10-8cm to 1.4 × 10-9cm which classified them as practically impermeable soils. Again, the values of the shear strength parameters are; the angle of internal friction ranged from 11.90 to 37.50, the cohesion ranges from 4.7 kPa to 84.9kPa.

In the last few years, the rapid increase of human population are creating many environmental problems because of intensification of human activities. A huge amount of wastes are generated from industries including food and agriculture industries. It is essential to protect the natural resources. It can be done with best management practices of agriculture waste in future Composting is the best method to handle the food, agricultural and industrial waste. The main objective of this research is the design and fabrication of an indigenous composter to conserve the agriculture waste. Composter structure is based on two shells. One is inner shells which is having diameter of 48 inches and outer shell having diameter of 52 inches. Between these two shells heat in the form of steam is circulated to give high temperature for pasteurization of compost. Raw material is added in the inner shell. Two gears are attached with this composter structure. One is driving gear which is also small gear attached with motor. Other one is larger gear which is adjusted according to our desire RPM requirement. Larger gear further rotates the shaft present in the inner shell of composter. Gear motor is used having the power of 3355 Watt Watt. Material used for this composter was mild steel. A boiler was attached to this composter to flow the steam in outer shell of composter. Agriculture waste considered for this research corn straw waste. The analysis have been done in a composter for compost effecting parameters. The effect of three independent parameters pressure, RPM and feeding rate was analyzed on the composting time of waste. Results indicated that increase in the RPM the time of composting also increase because of oxygen cannot consumed fully at higher RPM. Whereas the increase in feeding rate decrease the time of composting because the greater number of microbial activities generated in the composting process and compost prepared in less time. In case of pressure, higher the pressure the time of composting decreases because at higher pressure the time rise quickly and thermophilic conditions occurs quickly. At RPM 12 and feeding rate 15kg in 62.89± 2.26 time compost was prepared it was the least time as compare to others. At 10 RPM and 1 bar pressure composting time notice was 65.33±2.60. In combination of feeding rate and pressure, at feeding rate 15kg and pressure 0.5 bar least time noticed 63.00± 2.35.

Due to increase in demand our conventional resources are insufficient to fulfill the world energy demand. Renewable techniques are extremely economical due to converting useless waste into energy. To achieve that purpose anaerobic digestion was performed on banana peels with co digested with biogas slurry. Input feedstock to anaerobic plant was banana peels which already passed through four pretreatments such as, glycerol, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and acetic acid at variable conditions. Glycerol treatment give most efficient results due to more removal of lignin up to 87%. Anaerobic digestion is completely environmental friendly with no carbon dioxide emission and due to benefits it can adopted more in future on industrial and domestic scale. 6 liter capacity tank was installed at 4 liter with 10% TS level to giving space at top for biogas production. Trails was performed at two temperature 37°C and 55°C but more biogas produced at 55 °C with retention time period of eighteen days. In slurry tank manually stirring was provided and produced gas was calculated through water displacement method. This study help to decrease city waste by installing anaerobic plants. In that way we can achieve sustainability and waste can also be controlled.

People in developing nations, like INDIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, BANGLADESH, SRILANKA, AFRICA, THAILAND and Developing Countries etc., face a great deal of issues as far as sewage the executives. This is on the grounds that sanitation arrangement is horribly insufficient. A great many people don’t approach clean toilets, and a lot of fecal waste are released to the earth without satisfactory treatment. In perspective on this, an investigation was done with the point of surveying information, practices, observations, and encounters of family unit on sanitation and sewage the executives in Chennai. The aim of this project is to treat the waste water and reuse the waste water for domestic purpose such as flushing and gardening with minimum cost. The family unit overview results demonstrate that the sewage system stays immature, and there is no reasonable vision to improve the framework created in the family unit isn’t re- utilized, it is for the most part discharged outside. In the tempest water seepage framework legitimately. Sewage treatment from the treatment plants is depleted into surface water bodies, for example, waterways and the sea..

Leaf anatomy and micromorphology study was carried out on three selected taxa in Euphorbiaceae. The three chosen taxa were Jatropha curcas Linn., Euphorbia milii Des Moul. and Euphorbia hirta Linn. The methods involved procedures such as sectioning using sliding microtome, epidermal peeling and leaf micromorphology method using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The aim of this study is to identify the common, variation and diagnostic characteristics of leaf anatomy and micromorphology of selected species collected from Kuantan area which can give additional information for identification and classification of species. Findings in this study have shown that there were two common characters present in all the species studied which include the presence of mucilage cells and cuticular sculpturing of abaxial and adaxial epidermis. Meanwhile, several variable characters have been recorded in this study which can be useful in species differentiation such as vascular bundles arrangement in the midrib, pattern of anticlinal wall, types of stomata, waxes and trichomes. The diagnostic characteristics identified in this study are sinuous anticlinal wall pattern and anomocytic type of stomata that can only be found in E.hirta while crust of wax type and absence of trichomes can only be found in E.milii. The study reveals that leaf anatomy and micromorphology characteristics have taxonomic values and can be used as an additional data for identification and classification of species in Euphorbiaceae.

The consensus of using the compact city as a model for urban sustainable development has inevitably led to governments restricting outer urban expansion as an urban management tool. Urban growth boundaries (UGBs) have become one of the most widely used policy tools to achieve this goal. To evaluate the impact of UGBs on urban sustainable development in Melbourne, Australia, we compare the temporal and spatial changes of population, dwelling density, and growth before and after the implementation of the UGB policy in the Melbourne metropolitan area. The results indicate that, since the implementation of the UGB policy, the urban population, dwelling density, and growth have significantly accelerated; however, nearly half of the new population is located on the urban fringe. Based on the pressure of population growth, the UGB in Melbourne has been adjusted frequently, which has reduced its binding force on urban growth. Herein, we focus on the reasons for amendments to the Melbourne UGB, namely, urban density and the intensity of urban land use and compare the UGB policies of the Melbourne and Portland, Oregon (USA), metropolitan areas. We argue that the state government should restrict urban growth boundaries and increase urban density. At the same time, UGB policy must be coordinated with broader government policy, such as urban land use, urban transportation, and environmental planning, and a mechanism should be established to release land supply in defined areas. In addition, governments should expand public participation in the UGB amendment process and in supporting the implementation of the UGB policy

The implementation of the Breeze Tower Apartment Project, South Tangerang, lndonesia, especially for Architecture work that was delayed due to the owner’s shop drawing investigation was not compliance with the plan, only 77 percent of the total work was completed. Based on that, this research needs to be done to determine alternatives to improve the project time performance by analyzing the causes of the project delay so that losses caused by delays can be minimized. To find out the alternative solutions to improve project time performance towards the most dominant caused of delay where the research was conducted at the Breeze Tower Apartment Project, South Tangerang, lndonesia. Modeling for this research using the software SEM SMARTPLS 3.0. version. Based on the analysis of structural models or path analysis in SEM Smart PLS, it was found that the most dominant cause of delay was the value of the path coefficients between the independent variables and the dependent variable with a value of 0.548, namely design and documents. Based on the results of expert validation, alternative solutions in increasing project time performance against the most dominant caused of delay are designs mat should go through a number of discussion processes to finalize the design, and the design planner must have a comparable design publishing target and in accordance with the target of carrying out the work by proposing the changes to the new design that most relevant to the field conditions, and includes analysis on each alternative design change. This research is limited to reviewing the causes of project delays, especially in architecture work that affects the time performance of the Breeze Tower Apartment Project, South Tangerang, lndonesia. The substance of the study describes 4 factors including material, equipment, environment, human resources to review the most dominant causes of project delays. Quantitative analysis in this study uses SEM Smart PLS tools where the studies raised will focus on architecture work to obtain the alternative solutions to improve the project time performance towards the most dominant causes of delay where this research is carried out on the Breeze Tower Apartment Project, South Tangerang Indonesia.

This study focuses on the reduction of COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, cadmium, lead, arsenic, chloride, and sulphate in textile industries. Microbial presence in the wastewater can treat effectively by providing a favorable environment. Solids Retention Time (SRT) is a key functioning element that affects the AS process efficacy. The efficiency of pH, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, cadmium, lead, arsenic, chloride, and sulphate is taken into measure. Engineering-oriented approach was adopted to treat the aforesaid parameters through the inoculation of microbes in the biological treatment process. The designed Effluent treatment plant was based on screening, equalization, neutralization, aeration/ biological reactor and biological sedimentation. Treatment proves to be more efficient by the addition of cationic and anionic polymer i.e. Coagulant and flocculant. Overall, the efficiency of the designed treatment is taken into COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, cadmium, lead, arsenic, chloride, and sulphate 86.6%, 88.59%, 63.86%, 89.25%, 94.12%, 98.36%, 50%, 33% and 41% respectively. Statistical analysis has been performed that shows Correlation is high with BOD, TDS, TSS, Cd, lead, and As except chloride. in aforesaid parameter if concentration is decreased it means COD concentration will also decreased and has directly proportional relation with each other. As a result of the designed effluent treatment plant, treated effluent is discharged that has no significant negative impacts on the environment.